I te Pō: Ngā Tāone i Toremihia e te Para

I ngā wāhanga tōmua o te Huringa Ahumahi i te rautau 19, i tino piki haere te taupori o ngā tāone nui pērā i a Rānana me Pārihi, engari ko ngā hanganga tāone i noho tonu i te nuinga o ngā wā o mua. Ko ngā paru tangata, ngā wai para o te whare, me ngā para o te whare patu kararehe i tukuna noa ki ngā waikeri tuwhera, ki ngā awa tata rānei. I puta ake te mahi a ngā "tangata oneone pō" hei tango i ngā paru, engari ko te nuinga o ā rātou mea i kohia i tukuna noa ki raro iho.

I taua wā, ko te Awa o Thames te puna wai inu matua o Rānana, me te waikeri tuwhera nui rawa atu hoki. I mānu ngā tinana kararehe, ngā para pirau, me ngā paru tangata i roto i te awa, e whakapūpū ana, e koropupū ana i raro i te rā. He maha ngā wā ka kohuatia e ngā tāngata whai rawa ā rātou wai i mua i te inu, ka whakakapia rānei ki te pia, ki te waipiro rānei, engari ko te hunga rawakore kāore he whiringa atu i te inu i te wai awa kāore i rongoatia.

Ngā Whakakōkī: Te Haunga Nui me te Mahere o te Mate

I te tau 1858 ka kitea he huringa nui i te putanga mai o te "Piro Nui". Nā te raumati tino wera i tere ake te pirau o ngā mea rauropi i roto i te awa o Thames, ka tukuna he auahi hauwai whanariki nui i taupokina ai a Rānana, ā, tae noa ki roto i ngā ārai o ngā Whare Paremata. I akiakihia ngā kaihanga ture ki te hipoki i ngā matapihi ki te kakahu kua ruia ki te raima, ā, tata tonu te mutu o ngā mahi pāremata.

I taua wā tonu, i te whakahiato a Tākuta John Snow i tana "mahere mate o te kolera" rongonui. I te wā o te pakarutanga o te kolera i te rohe o Soho i Rānana i te tau 1854, i whakahaerehia e Snow he rangahau tatau ki te tatau, ā, i whai i te nuinga o ngā matenga ki tētahi papu wai tūmatanui kotahi i Broad Street. I te whakahē i te whakaaro whānui, i tangohia e ia te kakau o te papu, ā, i muri iho ka tino heke te pakarutanga.

I te whakakotahitanga o ēnei kaupapa, i whakakitea he pono kotahi: ko te whakaranu i te wai para ki te wai inu i mate ai te tini. Ko te "ariā miasma" matua, i kī ai ka horapa ngā mate mā te hau poke, ka tīmata te ngaro o te mana. I piki haere tonu ngā taunakitanga e tautoko ana i te horapa mai i te wai, ā, i roto i ngā tekau tau i muri mai, ka neke haere te ariā miasma.

He Merekara Hangarau: Te Whānautanga o te Whare Karakia o raro whenua

I muri i te pānga o te haunga kino, ka akiakihia a Rānana ki te mahi. I whakatakoto a Tā Joseph Bazalgette i tētahi mahere nui: kia hangaia he 132 kiromita o ngā waipara i hangaia ki te pereki i ngā taha e rua o te awa o Thames, kia kohia ai ngā waipara mai i te tāone katoa, ā, kia haria ki te rawhiti hei tukunga ki Beckton.

Ko tēnei kaupapa nui whakaharahara, i oti mō ngā tau e ono (1859-1865), i whakamahi i ngā kaimahi neke atu i te 30,000, ā, neke atu i te 300 miriona pereki i pau. He nui ngā kauhanga kua oti mō ngā kāreti e tōia ana e ngā hōiho kia haere, ā, i muri mai ka kiia ko ngā "whare karakia o raro whenua" o te wā Wikitōria. Ko te otinga o te pūnaha para o Rānana i tohu i te whakatūnga o ngā mātāpono waikeri ā-tāone hou – te neke atu i te whakawhirinaki ki te waimeha taiao ki te kohikohi kaha me te kawe whakahaere i ngā poke.

Te Putanga Mai o te Maimoatanga: Mai i te Whakawhiti ki te Whakama

Heoi, nā te whakawhiti ngāwari noa iho i neke ake te raruraru. I te mutunga o te rautau 19, ka tīmata te āhua o ngā hangarau maimoatanga waipara tōmua:

I te tau 1889, i hangaia te whare maimoatanga wai para tuatahi o te ao e whakamahi ana i te matū whakapūmau ki Salford, UK, mā te whakamahi i te tote raima me te tote rino hei whakatau i ngā totoka i whakatārewatia.

I te tau 1893, i whakaurua e Exeter te tātari matū koiora tuatahi, i rehuhia te wai para ki runga i ngā papa kohatu i kuruhia i reira i pakaru ai ngā mea rauropi e ngā kiriata moroiti. Ko tēnei pūnaha te tūāpapa o ngā hangarau maimoatanga koiora.

I te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, i kitea e ngā kairangahau i te Lawrence Experiment Station i Massachusetts te hanganga o te paru momona, ki tonu i te moroiti i roto i ngā whakamātautau whakapūngao roa. Nā tēnei kitenga i whakaatu te kaha whakamāori whakamiharo o ngā hapori moroiti, ā, i roto i te tekau tau i muri mai, i whanake hei tukanga paru whakahohe rongonui.

Te Oho Ake: Mai i te Mana Motuhake ki te Mana Tika a te Iwi

Ina titiro whakamuri ki tēnei wā whanaketanga, e toru ngā panonitanga matua ka kitea:

Mai i te tirohanga ki ngā haunga kino hei mea whakararuraru noa iho, ki te mōhio ko te wai para he kawe mate whakamate;

Mō te kawenga, mai i te whakahaere takitahi ki te kawenga tūmatanui e arahina ana e te kāwanatanga;

I roto i te hangarau, mai i te tukunga kore mahi ki te kohikohi me te maimoatanga hohe.

I te nuinga o te wā, ko ngā mahi whakahounga tuatahi i akiakihia e ngā rangatira i pāngia tika e te haunga – ngā mema pāremata o Rānana, ngā kaipakihi ahumahi o Manchester, me ngā āpiha ā-rohe o Parī. Heoi, i te wā i mārama ai kāore te korara e whakahāwea i te karaehe, ā, i te mutunga ka hoki mai te parahanga ki te tēpu a te katoa, ka mutu te noho hei kōwhiringa matatika ngā pūnaha wai para tūmatanui, ā, ka noho hei mea nui mō te oranga tonutanga.

Ngā Whakaata: He Haerenga Kāore anō kia Oti

I te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, ka tīmata te mahi a te whakatupuranga tuatahi o ngā tipu maimoatanga waipara, e mahi ana ki ngā tāone nui o ngā whenua ahumahi. Heoi, he nui tonu te hunga o te ao e noho ana me te kore he akuaku taketake. Ahakoa rā, kua whakatakotoria he turanga nui: ko te ao whānui e tautuhia ana ehara i te mea ko tōna kaha ki te whakaputa taonga anake, engari ko tōna kawenga ki te whakahaere i āna ake para.

I tēnei rā, e tū ana i roto i ngā rūma whakahaere kanapa, ātaahua hoki, e mātakitaki ana i ngā raraunga e rere ana i runga i ngā mata matihiko, he uaua ki te whakaaro i te haunga whakamomori i noho tonu i te taha o te awa o Thames i ngā tau 160 ki muri. Heoi, ko taua wā tonu, i tohuhia e te paru me te mate, i whakaoho i te oho tuatahi o te tangata i roto i tōna whanaungatanga ki te wai para – he nekehanga mai i te manawanui kore mahi ki te kāwanatanga hohe.

Ko ia whare horoi wai para hou e mahi pai ana i ēnei rā, e whai tonu ana i tēnei huringa hangarau i tīmata i te wā o Wikitōria. He whakamahara tēnei ki a tātou kei muri i te taiao ma te whanaketanga hangarau tonu me te wairua kawenga pumau.

Ko te hītori te tohu o te ahunga whakamua. Mai i ngā waikeri o Rānana ki ngā whare horoi wai atamai o ēnei rā, me pēhea te whakarerekētanga o te ao hangarau i te ao wai para? I te upoko e whai ake nei, ka hoki tātou ki nāianei, me te arotahi ki ngā wero mahi me ngā rohe hangarau o te whakamaroke paru ā-tāone, me te tūhura me pēhea te haere tonu o ngā miihini o nāianei ki te tuhi whārangi hou i roto i tēnei haerenga mutunga kore o te purenga.